Satellite Imagery Indicates Increased Activity at Pickaxe Mountain

New satellite imagery published by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) indicates significant increases in construction activity at Pickaxe Mountain, a site connected to Iran's nuclear programme. As tensions escalate between the United States and Iran, this analysis reveals that 2026 has seen the highest level of activity recorded at the site since its inception.

Background on the Site

Pickaxe Mountain, located approximately two kilometres south of the Natanz uranium enrichment facility in Isfahan province, Iran, is a deeply buried facility that has historically been associated with Iran’s nuclear operations. The facility has been the focus of international scrutiny due to its strategic significance in Iran’s nuclear ambitions. Despite ongoing concerns, Iran claims that its nuclear programme is intended solely for peaceful purposes.

Key Findings from Satellite Imagery

The latest multi-source imagery analysis categorises the construction activities at Pickaxe Mountain into three phases. The first phase spanned from 2020 to April 2024, marked by heavy construction and site preparations. The second phase, from April 2024 to January 2026, displayed less change except for noted intensified activities late in 2025. The most recent phase, from January 2026 to the present, has seen a remarkable surge in construction, indicating heightened operational readiness.

The imagery collected indicates increased road activity and reinforced structural features, suggesting that the facility’s construction is advancing significantly. According to the report, this uptick corresponds with enhancements in the security perimeter, internal road networks, and access areas for the facility.

Uncertainty Around Nuclear Capability

While the analysis does not confirm claims that Iran has relocated uranium centrifuges to Pickaxe Mountain, the ongoing construction suggests that the site might not yet be equipped for uranium enrichment activities. Officials have noted that the absence of an increased security posture and construction-related vehicles indicates that the facility is currently not operational for enrichment purposes. Further monitoring of regular activities at the site will be essential to establish its functional status in the future.

Diplomatic Implications and International Oversight

The political landscape surrounding the site is complicated by ongoing hostilities between the US and Iran. Following recent military actions, US officials have indicated a willingness to target specific sites if nuclear activities are detected. In a notable statement, former President Donald Trump mentioned that the US might conduct operations at Pickaxe Mountain if they perceive any escalating threats.

In tandem, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has consistently pursued information regarding activities at Pickaxe Mountain, seeking clarity on Iran’s nuclear programme's status. However, Iran has historically refrained from granting IAEA access to the site, escalating international concerns about transparency and compliance with nuclear regulations.

Iran’s Response to International Pressure

Iran has recently accused the US and Israel of using international inspector mandates as a cover for military aggression against its nuclear infrastructure. In an official communication, Iran suggested that the actions taken by Western powers further demonstrate a hidden agenda against its sovereignty. Amid these tensions, Iran maintains that it has no intention of pursuing nuclear weapons.

Conclusion

The ongoing developments surrounding Pickaxe Mountain underscore the challenges faced in verifying the intentions and activities of Iran’s nuclear programme. As diplomatic discussions continue, the need for transparency and rigorous oversight remains critical in mitigating risks associated with Iran’s nuclear capabilities.