Lucknow's Air Pollution Linked to Increased Diabetes Risk

Lucknow: Recent findings indicate that residents of Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, may face a significantly heightened risk of developing diabetes due to poor air quality. Experts from the Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI) have revealed that long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution could result in an increase of up to 72% in insulin resistance, a precursor to diabetes. This alarming information was disclosed during a discussion held ahead of World Diabetes Day.

The experts referenced a systematic review and meta-analysis titled "Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Risk of Insulin Resistance," which establishes a clear connection between fine particulate matter and diminished insulin effectiveness within the body. The study highlights that for every microgram per cubic metre increase in PM2.5—extremely fine particles that can infiltrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream—the body's HOMA-IR (a metric for measuring insulin resistance) rises by 0.40%.

Dr Ajoy Tewari, Secretary of the RSSDI, noted that air quality in Lucknow typically fluctuates between 180 and 220 micrograms per cubic metre. Based on this data, calculations suggest that residents may experience an increase in insulin resistance ranging from 72% to 90%. "These figures are concerning," stated Professor Narsingh Verma, Chairman of the RSSDI. "Pollution has transcended environmental boundaries, posing a serious threat to metabolic health and heightening diabetes risk, particularly among vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and those predisposed to the condition."

Experts elaborated that the dangers of PM2.5 and PM10 extend beyond respiratory issues. These pollutants can instigate inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal disruptions, all of which impair the body's ability to utilise insulin efficiently. Dr Tewari emphasised, "Discussions about pollution frequently focus on its respiratory implications, but we often overlook its influence on blood glucose levels. Air quality is evolving into a metabolic hazard. As particulate matter increases, insulin effectiveness diminishes, consequently elevating diabetes risk for countless individuals."

In an effort to enhance public awareness, the RSSDI (Uttar Pradesh Chapter) organised a significant Diabetes Awareness Programme near Rumi Gate. Dr AK Sachan remarked, "This year, one of our primary messages is the correlation between air pollution and the rising incidence of diabetes, a crucial insight for the public."

Dr Sushil Gupta, Head of Endocrinology at Max Hospital, reiterated that diabetes is preventable and manageable through timely screening and lifestyle modifications. Dr Ajay Shukla added that uncontrolled diabetes can adversely affect nearly every organ, underscoring the need for awareness and preventive measures.

The implications of air pollution on health extend beyond diabetes. The connection between toxic air and increased risks of hypertension and heart disease is also gaining attention. Dr V Mohan, a prominent diabetologist, explained that air pollutants can enter the bloodstream and inflict damage on various organs, including the pancreas, thus contributing to elevated insulin resistance.

Research indicates that chronic inflammation triggered by air pollution is a significant factor in the development of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes. Oxidative stress, linked to air pollution, has also been identified as a contributor to diabetes, as it disrupts crucial cellular functions.

Given the rising rates of diabetes in India, which is often referred to as the diabetes capital of the world, the intertwining factors of urbanisation, lifestyle changes, and deteriorating air quality complicate the public health landscape. While pollution is a critical factor, researchers acknowledge that issues such as increasing obesity rates and changing dietary habits also play significant roles.

Recent analyses conducted by Climate Trends and the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi reveal that a 30% reduction in PM2.5 levels could significantly improve health outcomes nationwide. The Health Benefit Assessment dashboard suggests such a decrease could lower the prevalence of diabetes from 4.8% to 3% across the country.

Dr Mohan commented on the growing body of evidence linking air pollution and diabetes, stating, "As we gather more data, it becomes increasingly clear that areas with higher pollution levels correlate with rising diabetes rates. Longitudinal studies and advanced research methodologies are providing crucial insights into this public health challenge."

As awareness grows, health officials hope to encourage proactive measures to combat air pollution and its extensive health implications, particularly concerning metabolic diseases. By fostering a better understanding of these links, experts aim to motivate communities towards healthier lifestyles and improved air quality initiatives.