Chronic Kidney Disease: A Silent Health Crisis Affecting Millions

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a significant global health concern, ranking among the top ten causes of death worldwide. According to a recent study published in The Lancet, the prevalence of CKD has doubled since 1990, currently impacting approximately 800 million individuals globally.

The report highlights that in 2023, CKD accounted for 1.48 million deaths, making it the ninth leading cause of mortality. Alarmingly, most individuals suffering from CKD are unaware of their condition, as early stages typically present no symptoms. The study reveals that a significant proportion of cases fall within stages one to three of the disease, with a combined prevalence of 13.9%.

Key Risk Factors

The study identifies several key risk factors contributing to CKD. High fasting plasma glucose levels, elevated blood pressure, and increased body mass index (BMI) are among the primary contributors to the disease. Specifically, impaired kidney function was responsible for 11.5% of cardiovascular deaths, indicating a strong link between kidney health and overall cardiovascular risk.

Countries with the highest burden of CKD in 2023 include China, with an estimated 152 million cases, and India, which has around 138 million affected individuals. Other nations such as the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil also report significant numbers, with each having over ten million adults diagnosed with the disease.

Age and CKD Prevalence

The research indicates that the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to CKD risk factors increases significantly with age, particularly between the ages of 20 and 69. The strongest rise in risk was observed with high systolic blood pressure, which surpassed BMI as a leading risk factor after age 70. Notably, high fasting plasma glucose consistently remained the top contributor to CKD across all age groups.

Symptoms and Early Detection

One of the most concerning aspects of CKD is its asymptomatic nature in the initial stages. Early symptoms are often vague and can include fatigue, swelling in extremities, changes in urination patterns, and poor appetite. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience more severe symptoms such as muscle cramps, difficulty concentrating, and shortness of breath due to fluid accumulation.

Despite the lack of early symptoms, regular urine testing is essential for early detection. Health professionals emphasise that monitoring risk factors, including hypertension and diabetes, is crucial. Early intervention through medication and lifestyle modifications can significantly slow the progression of CKD and reduce the risk of serious health complications.

As awareness of CKD grows, healthcare providers are increasingly advocating for routine screenings, especially in high-risk populations. The findings from The Lancet serve as a call to action for better public health strategies to combat this silent epidemic and encourage individuals to seek medical attention if they exhibit any early signs of kidney dysfunction.