China Launches 12 Satellites for World's First Space-Based Supercomputer
| 2025-05-19
China has launched the first 12 satellites in a project to establish the world’s first space-based supercomputer, a step that could reshape global data processing and artificial intelligence (AI) development.
China has launched 12 satellites as part of a plan to build the world’s first space-based supercomputer, enabling real-time AI data processing in orbit.
China has launched the first 12 satellites in a project to establish the world’s first space-based supercomputer, a step that could reshape global data processing and artificial intelligence (AI) development.
According to state media, the satellites were launched aboard a Long March 2D rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in northwestern China. The mission marks the initial phase of the "Three-Body Computing Constellation"—a programme developed by Chinese technology firms ADA Space, Zhijiang Laboratory and Neijang High-Tech Zone, and led by Zhejiang Lab.
Orbital AI Processing
The satellites are part of a planned network of 2,800 AI-powered spacecraft designed to handle complex computations in orbit. Each satellite is capable of 744 trillion operations per second and features high-speed laser communications capable of transferring data at rates up to 100 gigabits per second.
Together, the first 12 satellites reportedly offer a combined processing power of 5 peta operations per second (POPS) and 30 terabytes of storage. These capabilities allow the satellites to process data directly in space rather than sending it back to Earth for analysis—a process that typically results in long delays and bandwidth limitations.
“The constellation is expected to deliver real-time data processing in orbit,” according to Guangming Daily, a state-run newspaper. The system will ultimately be capable of handling 1,000 POPS, exceeding the combined performance of many of Earth’s most powerful supercomputers.
Reducing Earth's Data Bottlenecks
Currently, traditional Earth-orbiting satellites collect vast quantities of data, but bandwidth constraints and limited access to ground stations mean only a small portion—less than 10 per cent—is ever transmitted back to Earth.
The Chinese space-based supercomputing system aims to change this by conducting AI inference and other complex tasks directly on board. According to the developers, each satellite is equipped with an AI model containing eight billion parameters, enabling them to function as autonomous, space-based data centres.
Beyond data processing, the network will serve as a testbed for several advanced technologies, including deep-space astronomical imaging and inter-orbit laser communication.
Environmental and Strategic Implications
Supporters of the project highlight its potential environmental benefits. Space-based data centres can utilise solar power and dissipate heat into the vacuum of space—reducing reliance on Earth’s energy grids and cutting carbon emissions.
“As Earth’s data demands continue to grow, these orbital AI centres may offer an energy-efficient alternative,” said Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer and space historian at Harvard University, speaking to theSouth China Morning Post.
This development comes amid growing concerns about the environmental cost of Earth-based data infrastructure. The International Energy Agency estimates that global data centres will consume over 1,000 terawatt hours of electricity annually by 2026, roughly equivalent to Japan’s total electricity consumption.
Strategic Race for Space-Based AI
The launch positions China at the forefront of a technological race that could redefine data infrastructure and satellite design. The country’s stated aim is to enable real-time in-orbit AI computation that will support a range of applications, from Earth observation and disaster response to autonomous spacecraft operations.
Analysts suggest that similar projects may emerge from other space powers, including the United States and European Union, as countries explore space-based solutions for global computing needs.
China’s constellation, if fully realised, would represent a significant leap in orbital capabilities and could influence how future supercomputing systems are developed and deployed.
The Future of Computing in Orbit
The shift toward space-based computation reflects both technological advancement and urgent practical needs. With AI becoming more central to sectors ranging from defence to climate science, the ability to process data without delay—especially in areas lacking high-speed terrestrial networks—could offer considerable advantages.
The Three-Body Computing Constellation takes its name from the “three-body problem” in astrophysics—a nod to the complexity and ambition of the initiative. Its backers have framed the programme as a cornerstone of China’s space technology roadmap, linking it to broader national strategies for scientific leadership and digital infrastructure development.
As space and digital frontiers continue to converge, China’s launch may be seen as the first major step in a new era of orbital supercomputing.
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